It has been presumed that children who reverse letters or words see them backward.  This is false.  They have directional confusion.  In the real world, the direction has no meaning.  For example, a chair is a chair no matter which way it is placed.  Changing direction does not change interpretation.  In the world of language, direction changes meaning.  Connect the bottom of a chair and it looks like a "b".  Turn it 180 degrees it becomes a "d", flip it upside down and it becomes a "q", and flip it again it becomes a "p".  Thus, direction changes the meaning.  The difference between "was" and "saw" is direction.

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How Eye Pressure Is Measured

A common question asked during the eye exam is, “When is the puff coming?”  

Patients are referring to air-puff or non-contact tonometry. Tonometry is the procedure used to measure eye pressure, and this is important for diagnosing and monitoring...

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